Helicobacter infection triggers inflammatory and immune responses, with cellular degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration seen in its infected gastric mucosa, and specific antibodies can be detected in the serum. Helicobacter is associated with various diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma), NSAID-associated gastropathy functional dyspepsia and GERD.